Chapter 675 Paper Published!

"Hello, gentlemen, "Physical Review Letters" has been found!"

The moment I heard these words.

Swish——

Xiao Yang, who was originally preparing to say a few more polite words to Weinberg, suddenly stopped talking, and both Chen Shengshen and Li Jingjun beside him looked at the woman who appeared.

After a while.

Chen Shengshen, who was most familiar with Berkeley University's human relations, came to his senses first. He coughed lightly and quickly asked the black woman:

"Ms. Thalia, are you sure you have found the Physical Review Letters we are looking for?"

The black woman smoothed her curly hair:

"YES, Professor Chen, I have put the paper on the table. You can come in and take a look."

Upon seeing this, Chen Shengshen quickly patted Li Jingjun and Xiao Yang on the shoulders and said:

"Come on, let's go there."

Li Jingjun and Xiao Yang have no objection to this.

Then Xiao Yang and Weinberg said a few words, such as "I'll get in touch first when I have time", and the three of them walked to the mailroom.

Although Weinberg was interested in chatting with Xiao Yang again, it was obvious that these Chinese bosses had personal matters to attend to, so he was wise enough not to follow them presumptuously.

The mailroom at Berkeley University was about half the size of an ordinary classroom in later generations. There were windows at the entrance and on the wall opposite the entrance. There were also several desks in the room with drinks such as coffee, milk, and tea.

There are many cardboard boxes of varying degrees of unpacking placed on the floor inside the room. Next to each cardboard box are three or four people squatting, sorting various books:

"There are six journals in the chemistry group!"

""Harvard Business Review". Those old professors in the School of Economics are living more and more, and they also want to buy Harvard University's journals."

"A copy of "The Atlantic". I remember who just opened another book?"

""zoujinbukexue" passionate unabridged version."

"I found a letter from Professor Guderian. Who can collect it?"

"Put the letters here with me."

After entering the house.

Ms. Thalia, who greeted Chen Shengshen and others, led a few people to a table in the back, pointed to a tightly wrapped book on the table and a piece of paper beside the book and said:

"Professor Chen, this is the "Physical Review Letters". Please also sign the list. Thank you."

Chen Shengshen nodded towards her, picked up the pen and signed his name on the paper skillfully.

Finish these.

He picked up a small knife from the table and carefully cut a slit in the brown paper.

"Um?"

After his left hand touched the journal wrapped in kraft paper, Chen Shengshen raised his eyebrows slightly and couldn't help but let out a sigh.

Li Jingjun on the side noticed his reaction keenly and asked quickly:

"Brother Shengshen, what's wrong?"

Chen Shengshen pulled out the journal completely, put it in front of Li Jingjun, and said:

"Brother Jingjun, see for yourself."

Li Jingjun took the journal and looked at it for a few times, and soon discovered something unusual:

"Hmm, this issue seems a bit thin?"

Chen Shengshen nodded slightly.

The Internet had not yet appeared these days. In the absence of online indexes, the only carrier of each paper was the magazine in which it was printed.

Therefore, papers these days usually record all the contents in magazines in detail, which results in the thickness of most magazines being usually not thin.

Like some bimonthly or semi-annual magazines, it is normal to have a thickness of seven to eight centimeters at a time.

Generally speaking.

Such a thin paper often indicates that it is

"A special volume?"

After hearing Xiao Yang's guess, Chen Shengshen raised his chin towards the journal again:

"Whether it's a special issue or not, you'll know by looking at the content."

"Xiao Yang, you are the one with the highest level of physics among the three of us, so you should take the first look."

Xiao Yang nodded when he heard this, took the journal and read it.

"In-depth Exploration of Gauge Fields and Particle Models: Speculations and Phenomena on 'Metahadrons'."

The first thing that catches the eye is naturally the title of the paper. The word "Metahadrons" condenses Xiao Yang's spirit.

Metahadrons is not a common English word, it has a strong connotation of splicing.

Immediately afterwards.

Like Guzmit, Xiao Yang immediately noticed the name of the publisher of the paper:

"ZhaoZhongYao, ZhuHongYuan, HuNing, WangGanChang, YangHe, LuGuangDa, LiJue, Chinese Donkey"

In a very short moment.

Xiao Yang's body even shook slightly, and the journal in his hand almost fell to the ground.

Fortunately, Xiao Yang quickly adjusted his body and took the journal back into his hand.

Zhao Zhongyao.

Zhu Hongyuan.

Hu Ning

Wang Ganchang.

Yang He

Lu Guangda.

He looked at these names again and again, and after a long while he raised his head and looked at Chen Xingshen and Li Jingjun who were curious:

"Yes, it is a special issue, published by our Chinese scientists, Zhao Zhongyao, Wang Ganchang and Guangda are all signed."

"In addition, judging from the title, this should be a paper related to particle models."

After briefly introducing the situation, Xiao Yang picked up the journal and started reading again.

"As we all know, at the beginning of this year, Gell-Mann and Neyman proposed the "Eight-fold Method" to classify hadrons using the SU(3) symmetry of strong interactions."

"This classification is very similar to the classification of elements (atoms) in Mendeleev's periodic table. Mathematically, they correspond to different representations of the SU(3) symmetry group."

Although the content of the paper is in English, for international students like Xiao Yang, bilingual translation is not a difficult task.

Terms that may seem a bit awkward to outsiders quickly passed through Xiao Yang's mind, and the noisy conversations around him seemed to disappear.

"The energy-momentum relationship in the special theory of relativity is E= P+ m. Replace the energy E with the energy operator i/t and the momentum P with the momentum operator i▽, and you can get -/t=-▽+ m, that is, ▽-/t-m=0”

“Let it act on both sides of the wave function Ψ to get (-m)Ψ=0, the operator is a four-dimensional scalar under the Lorentz transformation, that is, '= the square of the rest mass m is a constant. ”

“To make the Klein-Gordon field equation covariant with the Lorentz transformation, that is, the equation (-m)Ψ=0 space-time coordinates are transformed by the Lorentz transformation to obtain the form of ('-m)Ψ'=0 unchanged, the only requirement is that the wave function Ψ'=Ψ after the Lorentz space-time coordinate transformation is achieved, and such a field is called a scalar field. ”

“If the Lorentz transformation is made special, keeping the time unchanged and rotating in space, then The rotated wave function Ψ'(X', t) = exp(-iS·α)Ψ(X, t). "

"This means that when time t remains unchanged, the spatial coordinate vector X of the wave function Ψ(X, t) rotates by an infinitesimal angle α in the direction of angular momentum S to become vector X'. Wonderful, seconds."

Xiao Yang looked at the paper in front of him as if he were looking at a treasure, and there was even a hint of greed on his face.

It was mentioned earlier.

The Yang-Mills framework first proposed by Xiao Yang and Mills actually has a big problem.

Of course.

The problem here is not the correctness of the framework - this thing is not a model, and does not involve physical It is a theoretical assumption, so there is no question of whether it can be verified by experiments.

For example, Yang-Mills theory is a shield machine, and various models are tunnels dug by this shield machine. Whether these tunnels can lead to where we want to go has nothing to do with the shield machine.

Some tunnels (electroweak theory, quantum chromodynamics) lead to where we want to go, but some tunnels (SU(5) grand unification, etc.) may not be feasible now.

Its main problem lies in well-posedness.

Yes, well-posedness - a word that may not sound very common.

Its definition is very simple:

For a function space selected in advance, if the problem of definite solution If the solution exists, is unique and stable in the function space, then the problem is well-posed, otherwise it is ill-posed.

In the Yang-Mills framework, well-posedness is a very complicated issue.

For example, the gauge potential in the Yang-Mills field is actually the connection on the fiber bundle that mathematicians have studied in depth. It is a generalization of the topological product and is derived from the study of differential geometry.

But if you keep the gauge potential unchanged in the topological product and introduce the perturbation of electromagnetic waves, then the gauge potential will suddenly become seven spaces

At the same time, the mathematical changes cannot be explained by physical phenomena, so the Yang-Mills theory is stuck.

There is no way.

Particles smaller than hadrons have not been discovered yet, so what evidence or data can be used to explain it?

For example, the biggest problem of the Yang-Mills framework is that it cannot explain the source of mass.

In the framework of this theory, all particles are massless.

After all, the Higgs mechanism has not been proposed in this year, and many research works are in the early stages.

But at this moment.

What made Xiao Yang's heart pound was.

He actually saw some light of the Yang-Mills framework in this paper written by a Chinese?

After all, the paper directly proposed the idea of ​​combining gauge symmetry and spontaneous breaking, and gave a very rigorous and complete derivation.

The derivation process took up a full three pages, and the final result was.

Under the influence of spontaneous breaking, the longitudinal degrees of freedom of the gauge field will undergo certain changes.

And the mechanism of this change

is the mass field that Xiao Yang and Mills have been pursuing!

Indeed.

Due to the content of the paper, Zhao Zhongyao and others did not combine the mass term with the Yang-Mills field in detail, but this is not a difficult task for top physicists like Xiao Yang.

It was mentioned earlier.

If you want to rank physicists in human history, Xiao Yang and Weinberg can probably rank between 35-40, and Gell-Mann and 't Hooft are probably in their early 40s.

But if you want to rank the mathematical ability of all physicists, then Mr. Yang can definitely be in the top ten.

For example, the main reason why Xiao Li took the initiative to find Xiao Yang on the issue of parity non-conservation was because Xiao Yang's calculation ability was extremely strong.

Nowadays, except for 't Hooft, basically no physicist can surpass Mr. Yang in mathematical calculation.

Therefore, it is very fast.

Yang Laobian took the initiative to pick up the pen and quickly calculated:

"The vector field with mass is not gauge invariant, so in the SU (1) mechanism, the Lagrangian is the coupling of the complex scalar field and the U (1) gauge field."

"Where Dμ=μigAμ and Fμν=μAννAμ. The potential energy part V(||)=μ2||2+λ||4.V||=2μ2||+4λ||3=0||=0 and ||2=μ22λ"

"If μ2<0, the lowest point of potential energy corresponds to |0|=μ22λ≡v2. If =x+iy, draw (x, y, V(x, y)) as the top potential energy area, which has two directions of perturbation, the radial direction and the left side."

"Then we can consider the following two fields ξ(x), η(x). That is, expand the scalar field near the vacuum expectation value as follows."

Twenty minutes later.

Click——

Xiao Yang put down the pen in his hand with a trembling mouth and looked at the result in front of him.

Only at this moment.

On the calculation paper in front of him, there was a very concise parameter item:

=(0, (v+η)/2)UU(0, (v+η)/2)T+12(v+η)2. Vλv44+λv2η2+λvη3+λ4η4+DμA(U)_μ(U)igAμ(U)+Uμig(AμU+igμU)-UμigU(UAμU+igUμU).

Looking at this parameter item.

Xiao Yang suddenly had the urge to rush to the telephone room, pick up the phone, and immediately contact his mentor and good friend Robert Mills, and then tell him that the quality item of the Yang-Mills framework has a solution.

Seven years have passed.

Seven years have passed, and the Yang-Mills framework that Xiao Yang is obsessed with has unexpectedly obtained the most critical optimization.

More importantly.

The source of this optimization paper is not other top physicists in the world, but the impoverished motherland across the ocean?

How did they come up with these results?

You have to know.

Many parameters in this paper require in-depth theoretical research and advanced scientific equipment. With China's current scientific research reserves, there should be no possibility of success.

Suddenly.

Xiao Yang thought of another thing:

The reason they appeared here today is because the motherland mentioned this issue of "Physical Review Letters" paper.

Could it be that

the local side wants to use this paper to tell them that China now has a solid theoretical physics research foundation and equipment?

"Xiao Yang."

Just when Xiao Yang was hesitant, he suddenly heard Chen Xingshen's voice in his ears:

"What is written in this paper? Is there any direct connection with attracting everyone to return to China?"

Xiao Yang raised his head and glanced at Chen Xingshen and Li Jingjun beside him.

He licked his dry mouth, looked at Chen Shengshen deeply, and said:

"Brother Shengshen, this journal publishes a paper on particle models. Due to professional barriers, academic explanations may be complicated."

"But if you want to reduce it to a summary, then it should obviously be."

Here.

Xiao Yang said word by word:

"The physics world is going to change."

Note:

The body temperature is completely normal, but the coughing is inexplicably aggravated. When it is serious, it seems like vomiting, and even the calf feels a little cramped when coughing.